Best Back Exercises And Workout

12 Best Back Exercises And Workout For Mass And Strength

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Are you looking for the best way to build strength in your back? We’ve got you covered! Read on to discover the best exercises for building strength in your back!

When it comes to back muscles, the focus is usually all about the lats. However, if you want a well-rounded, strong, and good-looking back, you can’t forget to train traps, rear delts, rhomboids and erector spinae.

If you neglect and fail to strengthen them alongside the other muscles in your back, it can lead to poor posture, decreased performance, and even injury down the line.

Strengthening your complete back is absolutely necessary for achieving the best possible physique and fitness level.

In this article, you will learn

  • How to train your back effectively for growth
  • Back muscle anatomy
  • Best exercises for greater back size and power.
  • Back Workout Training Techniques (Sets and Reps)
  • And then we’ll put it all together into one effective back workout plan for beginner, intermediate and advance.

How To Train Back Muscles

The training of the muscles of the back is a complicated endeavor, there are many exercises that are designed to address this different region of the back.

Most of the back exercises are pulling exercises, meaning they involve a weight being pulled towards you in either a horizontal (think barbell and dumbbell rows) or vertical (think pull-ups and lat pull-downs) movement plane.

Some back exercises are back extensors, such as when you are doing a deadlift or a back extension. The primary muscles for this are the multitudes and erector spinae.

From the lat pull-down and back extension machines to pull-up bars and free weights, the options seem endless. Of course, there is good reason for this, as the muscles of the back vary tremendously in terms of their functions and angles of contraction.

Know About Back Muscle

The back consists of several layers of muscle, stacked like a sandwich. The muscles of the back subdivide into three categories.

Upper Back

The upper back is made up of a large triangular-shaped muscle called the trapezius. It originates along the upper spine from the skull down to the last rib (that is, all the cervical and thoracic vertebrae).

The upper traps elevate the scapula to shrug the shoulders and rotate the scapula to assist shoulder abduction. 

Middle Back

The middle back consists of the latissimus dorsi, a large fan-shaped muscle that arises from the lower half of the spinal column, and the rear ridge of the pelvic bone.

From its large origin, the latissimus converges into a bandlike tendon that attaches to the upper humerus (next to the tendon of the pectoralis major).

Back anatomy

Lower Back

The lower back is made up of the erector spinae muscles that run alongside the entire length of the spinal column.

In the lumbar region, the erector spinae split into three columns: the iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis.

These muscles are the pillars of strength in the lower back that stabilize the spine and extend the torso, arching the spine backward.

erector spinae

This Blog contains the description of the best back exercises that focus on the back muscles, including the latissimus dorsi (lat), teres major, rhomboids, trapezius, and lower back (deep spinae erectors).

12 Best Exercises to build massive back

The back exercises are divided into barbell rowing, dumbbell rowing, pullover, cable and machine and body-weight exercises.

1. Lat Pulldown

The lat pulldown is an exercise used to build the muscles of the back. It is a great exercise that is widely used by fitness trainers to build bigger lats.

This isolating exercise specifically focuses on the back muscles without tiring out the biceps or triceps.

It’s important to target your back muscles to help with proper posture and to ease pulling movements.

This exercise can be performed using wide grips and narrow grips, as well as pulling to the front and the back. The wider grip is the best variation to target the outer lats.

Lat pull-down variations for back growth:

  • Overhand grip pull-down 
  • Underhand grip pull-down 
  • V Bar pull-down
  • Rope handle pull-down
  • Single arm pull-down
Lat Pulldown

Muscles Worked

Primary: lats

Secondary: Rear deltoid, lower trapezius, rhomboids.

How To Do It

  1. Take an overhand grip, hands slightly wider than shoulder-width apart, and sit on the machine seat. Lock your knees under the support pads.
  2. keep your upper back straight, pull the bar down and bring it up to the chest. As you pull down, squeeze your shoulder blades together and feel back muscles contracting.
  3. Perform this movement using your upper lats and use the arms merely as a lever between bar and lats.
  4. Now release the bar with controlled motion and stretch your lats as much as possible.

 Tips

  • To make the most of this move, your reps should be slow and controlled.
  • Go full range of motion and concentrate on your back muscles doing the major work.
  • Avoid rising yourself from the seat.

2. Barbell Shrug

Barbell shrug is one of the best exercises to build bigger, stronger trapezius muscles. This exercise can be done extremely heavily to thicken the traps, which really helps you in doing back poses.

Barbell Shrug is one of the best isolation exercises for trapezius muscle. The shrug is one of the most simplistic and easy exercises to perform.

You can do the shrug either using a dumbbell, barbell, and smith machine, But the barbell variation is the classic variation to build massive traps. Traps, being a stubborn muscle group for many, can be trained with a fairly high frequency during the week.

For upper back growth and to increase the variety of your shrug exercise, you could try to :

Barbell Shrug

Muscles Worked

Primary: trapezius, Lateral deltoid.

Secondary: Anterior deltoid, supraspinatus, Infraspinatus

How To Do It

  1. Stand with feet placed shoulder-width apart, knee slightly bent, and core stable.
  2. Grip the barbell with your hands facing downwards, in a pronated grip.
  3. Raise your shoulders without bending the elbows as far as possible, getting them closer to your ears.
  4. Hold the contraction and squeeze for a brief second, In a controlled and stable manner, lower the weight back down to the starting position.

Tips

  • Go as high as possible, but limit momentum and excessive jerking or bouncing of the weight.
  • Go full range. Move only shoulders and keep rest of body steady.

3. Pull-Up

The pull-up is an upper-body strength movement that targets your back, shoulders, and arms. Performing a pull-up is often a challenge for beginners and even experienced athletes.

The pull-up is harder to perform than a standard pull-up because your hands will be further away from the center of your body, which makes the exercise more difficult. 

The pull-up increases the strength, thickness, and width of your back, specifically your lats. The lats are what influences back width and form the “V” in the upper back.

There are many variations of pull-ups that can be done to target the back:

  • Wide grip pull-ups (overhand grip)
  • Chin-ups (underhand grip)
  • Neutral grip pull-ups (palms facing inward)
  • Weighted pull-ups
  • Machine assisted pull-ups
  • Spotter assisted pull-ups
Pull Up

Muscles Worked

Primary: lats

Secondary: Rear delt, lower trap, rhomboids, arms.

How To Do It

  1. Using an overhand grip, grab on to a pull-up bar with your hands spaced wider than shoulder-width apart.
  2. Hang from the bar with your arms fully extended and your chest high while exaggerating the arch in your lower back.
  3. Pull yourself up by squeezing your shoulder blades together and contracting your lats until your chin passes the bar.
  4. Hold the contraction at the top for a second before slowly lowering yourself back to the starting position.

Tips

  • To decrease bicep involvement, use a thumbless grip.
  • Go full range of motion and keep form correct. Avoid jerky movements and keep them controlled.

4. Barbell Upright Row

Upright Barbell Row is an excellent exercise to build huge Trapezius muscles and create that delto-pectoral separation.

Heavy Upright Row along with shrugs build massive traps. You can use either a smith machine, free weights, or Cable to perform Upright Rows. Upright rows can be done with both narrow grips and wider ones.

The narrow grip focuses on the trapezius, and the wider focuses on the entire shoulder girdle. Also, the wider grip allows some cheating movement, thereby allowing you to lift more weight.

Upright Row variations for back growth:

Barbell Upright Row

Muscles Worked

Primary: Trapezius, deltoid.

Secondary: levator scapulae, erector spinae, forearms.

How To Do It

  1. Hold a bar with a narrow overhand grip and let it hang in front of you.
  2. Lift the bar and get it as close as possible to the chin, using your arms and elevating your shoulders to squeeze your trapezius muscles.
  3. Now lower the bar under controlled motion until it comes back to its starting position.
  4. Repeat for desired reps.

Tips

  • Focus on keeping your elbows higher than your forearms
  • Keep a controlled motion and avoid jerky movements.
  • Keep your back straight.

5. Deadlift

The deadlift is the King of all exercises. This power Exercise designed to build an overall physique that uses more muscles than any other exercise. The deadlift is the best exercise for posterior chain muscle strengthening. Its works your whole body including the Lower back, upper back, arms, legs, and buttocks.

It is the biggest muscle builder, recruiting more muscle motor units than any other exercise. This exercise can be performed using either a barbell or a pair of dumbbells. You can go real heavy on a barbell Deadlift, but do this exercise with caution and technique.

Deadlift variations for back growth:

  • Dumbbell Deadlift
  • Cable Deadlift
  • Barbell rack pull
  • Romanian deadlift
  • One Leg Dumbbell Romanian Deadlifts
  • Landmine Deadlift
Deadlift

Muscles Worked

Primary: Erector spinae, gluteals, hamstrings.

Secondary: Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, quadriceps, forearms.

How To Do It

  1. Place a barbell loaded with weights in front of you. Grab the barbell using an underhand grip with one hand and overhand grip with the other hand. Remember to keep your back as straight as possible and contract your back and hamstrings.
  2. Now raise the bar from the ground using your hamstrings and glutes. You should keep your legs slightly bent, back straight and head looking up. The initial movement is to be provided by your heels and not toes or elbows.
  3. Raise it to the point where your body is erect. Do not hyperextend your body as the weight shifts to the lumbar spine. Hold the bar for a moment at the top of the lift and remember to lockout. Complete the lift and do not go only halfway through.
  4. Now lower the bar slowly at a steady slow pace by bending at the hips first and then at the knees and let the weight touch the ground for a moment before you begin the next rep

Tips

  • If you’re going heavy (sets of fewer than about 6 reps), do deadlifts first, so you’re fresh. If you’re doing for repetitions, you can do them later in your workout. 
  • If performed deadlift incorrectly, it can cause more harm than good. Keep the back straight at all costs.
  • Lower back muscles take along to recuperate and hence once a week heavy deadlifts will do the job.
  • Go full range of motion and keep form correct. Avoid jerky movements and keep them controlled.

6. Bent Over Barbell Rows

If you are looking to strengthen your complete back: upper back, lower back, lats, traps, spinal erectors, then bent over barbell rows are the best exercise. And the science backs it up.

Spacing your hands shoulder-width apart or closer targets the central inner section of the lats, whereas a wider grip targets the outer lats.

Pulling the bar up higher toward the chest targets the upper latissimus and trapezius. Pulling the bar through a lower trajectory to touch the abdomen targets the lower lats.

Bent-over row variations for back growth:

  • Overhand grip bent-over rows
  • Underhand grip bent-over rows
  • Pendlay rows
  • Dumbbell Bent Over dumbbell Row
Bent Over Barbell Rows

Muscles Worked

Primary: Latissimus dorsi.

Secondary: Erector spinae, trapezius, rhomboids, rear deltoid.

How To Do It

  1. Stand with a narrow stance and grab a bar with overhand grip.
  2. Bend your torso forward at an angle of 45 degrees to the floor with the knees slightly, and let the bar hang in front of you.
  3. Now use the back and raise the bar until it touches the abdominal region and not the chest region, as it reduces back muscle contraction.
  4. Slowly lower the bar under control to starting position.

Tips

  • Do not use more weight than you can handle. This fatigues your spinal erectors and say goodbye to form.
  • Exhale on pushing movement, and inhale when returning to the starting position.
  • Hold a neutral spine throughout the movement to prevent injury.

7. Lumbar Hyperextension

Hyperextension exercise directly hits the erector spinae muscles, building a strong back. It helps to build the lower back Erector spinae muscles. This exercise is done on a hyperextension Bench/Roman Chair. Making

Hyperextensions difficult, you can also hold a plate to your chest or behind the head for additional resistance if the exercise becomes easy, and you can do a lot of reps.

Lumbar Hyperextension

Muscles Worked

Primary: Erector spinae.

Secondary: Lats, gluteals, hamstrings.

How To Do It

  1. Lie face down on a Hyperextension bench and hook your legs under support. Let your body be parallel to the ground.
  2. Place your hands on your chest (or behind your neck) and bend down through your waist until you reach a 90 degree bend.
  3. Return to the start position, but avoid extending beyond the body level.
  4. Do the desired number of reps and sets.

 Tips

  • Avoid hyperextension beyond the body level.
  • Keep movement always under control, without letting gravity take you down faster.

8. Seated Cable Rows

Seated Cable Rows is an excellent exercise to build middle back muscles and this works on lower lats as well. It can be done with wide and narrow grips. This exercise is done on a cable rowing machine with separate handles.

In contrast to other free-weight variation, the classic seated row maintains constant tension throughout the movement.

The cable row training offers almost unmatched versatility because you can change up the load, angle, grip positioning and body positioning easily.

This back exercise is done on a cable rowing machine with separate handles and grip position change, the muscle worked involvement.

Different attachments can be used for back growth. 

  • Wide Grip Seated Row
  • Single-arm row
  • Rope attachment
  • Long bar….. Get creative!
Seated Cable Row

Muscles Worked

Primary: Trapezius, lats

Secondary: Rhomboids, rear deltoid.

How To Do It

  1. Sit on a seated cable pulley rowing machine with legs slightly bent and feet supported against the crossbar.
  2. Take hold of the handles with your arms extended and back stretched.
  3. Pull the handles so that they come as close to the lower chest/abdomen as possible.
  4. Thrust your chest out while pulling with your body in upright position. Slowly return the handle to the starting position.

Tips

  • Pause briefly when the handles are close to the chest and squeeze your upper back muscles, bringing the scapulae closer.
  • Keep your knees slightly bent to avoid knee and lower back pressure.
  • Remember, a rounded back is a wrong back. Keep it straight at all times.
  • Keep your upper back stationary, don’t move your upper back, back, and forth.
  • These are best done toward the end of your workout, so don’t be afraid to go slightly higher-rep here, like 10-12 or even 12-15 reps

9. One Arm Dumbbell Rows

One Arm Dumbbell Rows are an excellent alternative to barbell rows, and it provides the full-range motion to build the lats muscles.

This exercise helps to work on each side independently, thereby provide better muscle isolation and a longer range of motion.

This exercise is done with a heavy dumbbell with your body supported by a bench.

One arm dumbbell row variations for back growth:

  • One arm row with one hand on a rack and both leg on floor
  • One arm row with one hand and one leg on a bench
  • Single-arm landmine row 
  • Single arm meadows row
One Arm Dumbbell Row

Muscles Worked

Primary: Latissimus dorsi.

Secondary: Trapezius, rhomboids, rear deltoid, erector spinae, biceps.

How To Do It

  1. Grasp a dumbbell with palm facing in. Rest the opposite hand and knee on a bench, keeping your spine straight and just above parallel to the floor.
  2. Pull the dumbbell vertically upward alongside your torso, raising the elbow as high as possible.
  3. Slowly lower the dumbbell as low as possible feeling a good lats spread.
  4. Repeat on the other side.

Tips

  • Keep motion under strict control for better isolation.
  • Avoid hunchback bending as it leads to Injury.

10. T Bar Rows

T bar Row is a power exercise to build middle back muscles. Check the correct execution technique and blast your back muscles. It also works on the outer lats when done with a narrower grip.

It is done on a T bar machine or placing a barbell at the corner. T bar rows are a tough exercise, but building a strong back is a must to develop a quality physique, stay injury-free, and back pain-free for life.

The chest supported row exercise is similar to the T bar row and allows you to concentrate on working, the vast majority of muscles located in the posterior side of the upper body.

This variation of the row requires less effort to keep your body stable because one end of the bar pivots at a fixed point on the floor and chest supported on the bench.

Chest-supported row variations to grow the bigger and stronger back:

  • Dumbbell Chest Supported Row (Underhand, Overhand, Single hand and Neutral grip)
  • Barbell Chest Supported Row (Underhand, Overhand)
  • Chest Supported Row with Cables. (Underhand, Overhand, Single hand and Neutral grip)
  • Machine Chest Supported Row. (Underhand, Overhand and single Arm)
T Bar Row

Muscles Worked

Primary: Latissimus dorsi.

Secondary: Erector spinae, trapezius, rhomboids, rear deltoid.

How To Do It

  1. Standing on a T bar machine, grab its handles with an overhand grip. Keep your feet a bit apart and knees slightly bent.
  2. Bend at the hips and keep your back arched throughout the movement.
  3. Lift the bar until the bar touches your chest, keeping the back straight.
  4. Now slowly lower the bar until it nearly touches the ground.

Tips

  • Exhale while you exert.
  • Avoid hunchback bending as it leads to Injury.
  • Go Complete range of motion.

11. Dumbbell Pullover

Dumbbell Pullover is the best exercise to build a strong rib cage and build serratus anterior muscle to build a complete chest and back.

Pullover work directly on the serratus anterior muscle to develop the back.

This exercise is done lying across a bench with a heavy dumbbell.

The best Pull over exercise variations to train your back.

  • Flat bench pull-over (dumbbell, barbell, weight plate)
  • Incline pull-over (dumbbell, barbell, weight plate)
  • Decline pull-over (dumbbell, barbell, weight plate)
  • Cable pull-over
Dumbbell Pullover

Muscles Worked

Primary: Chest and Lats

Secondary: Shoulders, Triceps.

How To Do It

  1. Lie across on a bench on your shoulders so that your head is hanging.
  2. Grasp a dumbbell with both hands and get it straight over your chest.
  3. Lower the dumbbell in an arc slowly, getting a good stretch in your rib cage.
  4. Lower the dumbbell as far as possible and then raise it back to the starting position.

Tips

  • Exhale while you exert.
  • Maximum stretching ensures the greatest expansion of the rib cage.
  • Relax your hips and let them fall, as relaxed hips help in extra expansion.

12. Straight Arm Lat Pulldown

The straight arm pulldown is one of the best exercises for strengthening your lats. This isolation exercise can also help improve your posture and build a stronger back.

The straight-arm pulldown trains the lats through a long range of motion, and is helpful for people who have trouble feeling their backs work on conventional pulldown exercises. As a result, it’s a great movement for focusing on lat development.

While the exercise will primarily target the lats, you will also notice a fair amount of bicep and middle back activation.

Straight Arm Lat Pull Down variations for back growth:

  • Wide grip Straight Arm Lat Pulldown
  • Close grip Straight Arm Lat Pulldown
  • Rope straight Arm Lat Pulldown
Straight Arm Lat Pulldown

Muscles Worked

Primary: latissimus dorsi.

Secondary: Rear deltoid, lower trapezius, rhomboids, Biceps, and Abs.

How To Do It

  1. Take an overhand grip that is wider than shoulder-width on a lat bar attached to the pulley on the lat pulldown bar.
  2. Position yourself with your feet flat on the floor, chest up, and low-back arch exaggerated.
  3. Pull your shoulder blades together as you squeeze your lats to initiate the movement, pulling the bar down in a smooth motion to your midsection.
  4. Hold the contraction for a moment, then slowly return the bar all the way back to the starting position.

Tips

  • Don’t allow the head to jut forward as you pull.
  • Keep your elbows slightly flexed and your body still

Bonus: Chin Up

A chin-up is a strength training exercise that uses your entire body weight, with a special focus on your upper body and core. Chin-ups are the best exercise to build sweeping upper lats. This is a bodyweight exercise that can induce serious muscle growth of the back and biceps.

In this exercise, the palms are faced towards the body. Since the lifter is pulling their own bodyweight, the biceps are usually exposed to loads heavier than what one can lift with a barbell.

Chin ups

Muscles Worked

Primary: latissimus dorsi and biceps brachii

Secondary: Teres major, posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor.

How To Do It

  1. Grab a pull-up bar with an underhand grip (palm facing toward the body), hands shoulder-width apart or slightly narrower.
  2. Straighten your arms, keep your knees bent and cross your lower legs. It can also be done with leg straight.
  3. Retract your shoulder blades and pull your body until your chin becomes aligned with the bar.
  4. Pause for one to two seconds at the top, with the biceps under maximum tension. Slowly lower to the start position.

Tips

  • Don’t get in the habit of doing half reps and chasing numbers.
  • Lower to almost full extension of the elbow, but avoid locking out completely.

Complete Back Workout

Effective back training should incorporate a variety of exercises and target all the majors back muscles.

For a complete back workout and to build balanced strength, you’ll need to make sure you’re doing a variety of back exercises to specifically target your upper, middle and lower back muscles.

Upper and middle back exercises target the trapezius and lats.

When choosing exercises for your upper back, you should include a variety of high pulling exercises, such as rows and straight arm lat pull down.

The lower back can be targeted with exercises like deadlift and seated cable rows.

This training routine for the back is designed to increase strength and muscle mass. However, the gains will be increased with the use of primary lifts like deadlift, Bent-Over Row.

Back Workout Training Techniques

Training Volume (Sets And Reps)

Of course, the number of sets and reps will be determined based on your fitness journey, but here is a great starting point:

Sets

  • Beginners: ~10 sets per week.
  • Intermediate: ~15 sets per week.
  • Advanced: ~20 sets per week.

When a certain amount of volume stops being effective and your progress stalls, you can add sets to increase volume and use that as a driver of renewed progress. 

Reps

The best rep ranges and loads to work with.

  • 6-8 reps with heavy load
  • 8-15 reps with moderate load
  • 15-20+ with light load

The load should bring you to or near failure within the given rep ranges to be effective. 

Back Exercises Workout Samples

Beginner Back Workout Plan

If you’re new to lifting weights, don’t worry. This beginner-friendly back workout routine is a great place to start.

When this becomes easier, you should pick a heavier weight.

After you’ve upped your weight several times and feel strong in the movements below, move on to the intermediate routine. Until then, you can follow this beginner back workout plan.

  1. Pull Ups: 4 sets of 10-15 reps.
  2. Seated Cable Row: 4 sets of 10-15 reps.
  3. Bent Over Dumbbell Rows: 3 sets of 15-10 reps.

Intermediate Back Workout

If you are an intermediate level or have outgrown the beginner routine, try the intermediate back workout routine below.

Regardless of how many reps your programming is calling for, you should be unable to complete the last one with proper form.

  1. Deadlift: 4 sets of 6-8 reps.
  2. One Arm Dumbbell Rows : 3 sets of 8-10 reps.
  3. Lat Pull Down: 4 sets of 10-12 reps
  4. Dumbbell Pullover: 3 sets of 8-10 reps.

Advanced Back Workout

If you are an advanced level athlete or have already completed the beginner and intermediate back workouts, give the advanced routine a try.

Here, you’ll challenge more of your balance, stability, and strength

  1. Barbell Deadlift: 3 sets of 8-12 reps.
  2. Barbell Bent Over Row: 4 sets of 6-8 reps.
  3. T Bar Rows: 4 sets of 8-10 reps.
  4. Barbell Upright Row: 3 sets of 10-12 reps.

FAQ About Back Training

To conclude, let’s go over some frequently asked questions about training your back 

How To Train Upper, Middle and Lower Back

As you saw above, many exercises engage both primary and secondary muscles.

In order to build an all-around strong back, we will need to hit all areas.

  • For lower back, you can do exercises like deadlifts to strengthen the posterior chain.
  • For middle back, focus on exercises where your hands are closer together, like close-grip rows.
  • The upper back, can be done with exercises like Pull-ups, single-arm bent over rows and upright row.
  • The Trap muscles can be done with exercises like shrug and upright row.

Conclusion

This exercise is highly recommended for anyone interested in building back strength and gaining muscle size.

It not only allows for targeted muscle development, but also provides an overall upper body workout.

Be smart: don’t limit yourself to one type of equipment for back training. Get the benefits of a full back workout using different equipment.

If you do these back exercises consistently, the results will speak for themselves.

Thanks for reading, enjoy working your Back Workout!

References

1. Schoenfeld, Brad MSc, CSCS; Kolber, Morey J PT, PhD, CSCS; Haimes, Jonathan E BS, CSCS: The Upright Row: Implications for Preventing Subacromial Impingement. Strength and Conditioning Journal: October 2011 – Volume 33 – Issue 5 – p 25-28

2. Cools AM, Witvrouw EE, Declercq GA, Danneels LA, Cambier DC. Scapular muscle recruitment patterns: Trapezius muscle latency with and without impingement symptoms. Am J Sports Med 31: 542–549, 2003.

3. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Trapezius muscle timing during selected shoulder rehabilitation exercises. 2021 Jun 14;18(12):6444. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18126444.PMID: 34198674

4. Lorenzetti S, Dayer R, Pluss M, List R. Pulling exercises for strength training and rehabilitation: movements and loading conditions. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2017;2(3):33. doi:10.3390/jfmk2030033

5. Chad M J Fenwick , Stephen H M Brown, Stuart M McGill. Comparison of different rowing exercises: trunk muscle activation and lumbar spine motion, load, and stiffness. PMID: 19620925  DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b07334

6. Jett, David Michael Jr. M.S., C.S.C.S., EP-C, PN; Gibb, Jessica M.S., CEP, EP-C, FMSC; Verrill, David E. M.S., RCEP, CEP, PD, FAACVPR. Evidence-based Alternatives To Popular Exercises. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal: November/December 2017 – Volume 21 – Issue 6 – p 20-26

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